Persian literature Wikipedia. A scene from the Shahnameh describing the valour of Rustam. Persian literature Persian adabiyt e frsi, comprises oral compositions and written texts in the Persian language and it is one of the worlds oldest literatures. 123 It spans two and a half millennia, though much of the pre Islamic material has been lost. Its sources have been within Greater Iran including present day Iran, Iraq, the Caucasus, and Turkey, regions of Central and South Asia where the Persian language has historically been either the native or official language. For instance, Mowlana Rumi, one of best loved Persian poets, born in Balkh or Vakhsh in what is now Afghanistan, wrote in Persian, and lived in Konya, then the capital of the Seljuks in Anatolia. The Ghaznavids conquered large territories in Central and South Asia and adopted Persian as their court language. There is thus Persian literature from Iran, Mesopotamia, Azerbaijan, the wider Caucasus, Turkey, western parts of Pakistan, India, Tajikistan and other parts of Central Asia. Not all Persian literature is written in Persian, as some consider works written by ethnic Persians in other languages, such as Greek and Arabic, to be included. At the same time, not all literature written in Persian is written by ethnic Persians or Iranians, as Turkic, Caucasian, and Indic poets and writers have also used the Persian language in the environment of Persianate cultures. Described as one of the great literatures of humanity,4 including Goethes assessment of it as one of the four main bodies of world literature,5 Persian literature has its roots in surviving works of Middle Persian and Old Persian, the latter of which date back as far as 5. BCE, the date of the earliest surviving Achaemenid inscription, the Behistun Inscription. The bulk of surviving Persian literature, however, comes from the times following the Islamic conquest of Iran c. As Time Goes By Turkish Series In Farsi KaradayiCE. After the Abbasids came to power 7. CE, the Iranians became the scribes and bureaucrats of the Islamic empire and, increasingly, also its writers and poets. The New Persian literature arose and flourished in Khorasan and Transoxiana because of political reasonsthe early Iranian dynasties such as Tahirids and Samanids were based in Khorasan. 6Iranians wrote in both Persian and Arabic Persian predominated in later literary circles. Persian poets such as Ferdowsi, Sadi, Hafiz, Attar, Nezami,7Rumi8 and Omar Khayyam are also known in the West and have influenced the literature of many countries. Classical Persian literatureeditPre Islamic Persian literatureeditVery few literary works of Achaemenid Iran have survived, due partly to the destruction of the library at Persepolis. 9 Most of what remains consists of the royal inscriptions of Achaemenid kings, particularly Darius I 5. BC and his son Xerxes. Many Zoroastrian writings were destroyed in the Islamic conquest of Iran in the 7th century. The Parsis who fled to India, however, took with them some of the books of the Zoroastrian canon, including some of the Avesta and ancient commentaries Zend thereof. Some works of Sassanid geography and travel also survived, albeit in Arabic translations. No single text devoted to literary criticism has survived from Pre Islamic Iran. However, some essays in Pahlavi, such as Ayin e name nebeshtan Principles of Writing Book and Bab e edtedaI ye Kalileh o Demneh, have been considered as literary criticism Zarrinkoub, 1. Some researchers have quoted the Shoubiyye as asserting that the Pre Islamic Iranians had books on eloquence, such as Karvand. Persian literature Persian adabiyte frsi, comprises oral compositions and written texts in the Persian language and it is one. The first Australians and the British, the most powerful Empire in history, come face to face in Sydney on January 26, 1788. Their differences are immense but. Issuu is a digital publishing platform that makes it simple to publish magazines, catalogs, newspapers, books, and more online. Easily share your publications and get. 2013 CONSOLIDATED MINI CATALOGUE. BA Color Box Art Available for an additional 3. 00 FL Film is in Foreign Language. Lbx Letterboxed or Widescreen. The Foreign Service Institute FSI of the Department of State has compiled approximate learning expectations for a number of languages based on the length of time it. G7 Executive Talk Series. G. BUILDING THE FOUNDATIONS OF RENEWED TRUST g20g7. com The G7 Magazine for VIPs, Delegates, Diplomats and World Leaders. As Time Goes By Turkish Series In Farsi KakhNo trace remains of such books. There are some indications that some among the Persian elite were familiar with Greek rhetoric and literary criticism Zarrinkoub, 1. Persian literature of the medieval and pre modern periodseditWhile initially overshadowed by Arabic during the Umayyad and early Abbasid caliphates, New Persian soon became a literary language again of the Central Asian and West Asian lands. The rebirth of the language in its new form is often accredited to Ferdowsi, Unsuri, Daqiqi, Rudaki, and their generation, as they used Pre Islamic nationalism as a conduit to revive the language and customs of ancient Iran. So strong is the Persian aptitude for versifying everyday expressions that one can encounter poetry in almost every classical work, whether from Persian literature, science, or metaphysics. In short, the ability to write in verse form was a pre requisite for any scholar. For example, almost half of Avicennas medical writings are in verse. Celebrate World Space Week 2017 by downloading this free colorful PDF poster which is available in two resolutions in eight languages. Learn about other new worlds at. Works of the early era of Persian poetry are characterized by strong court patronage, an extravagance of panegyrics, and what is known as exalted in style. The tradition of royal patronage began perhaps under the Sassanid era and carried over through the Abbasid and Samanid courts into every major Iranian dynasty. The Qasida was perhaps the most famous form of panegyric used, though quatrains such as those in Omar Khayyams Rubaiyyat are also widely popular. Khorasani style, whose followers mostly were associated with Greater Khorasan, is characterized by its supercilious diction, dignified tone, and relatively literate language. The chief representatives of this lyricism are Asjadi, Farrukhi Sistani, Unsuri, and Manuchehri. Panegyric masters such as Rudaki were known for their love of nature, their verse abounding with evocative descriptions. Through these courts and system of patronage emerged the epic style of poetry, with Ferdowsis Shahnama at the apex. By glorifying the Iranian historical past in heroic and elevated verses, he and other notables such as Daqiqi and Asadi Tusi presented the Ajam with a source of pride and inspiration that has helped preserve a sense of identity for the Iranian People over the ages. Ferdowsi set a model to be followed by a host of other poets later on. The 1. 3th century marks the ascendancy of lyric poetry with the consequent development of the ghazal into a major verse form, as well as the rise of mystical and Sufi poetry. This style is often called Araqi Iraqi style, western provinces of Iran were known as The Persian Iraq Araq e Ajam and is known by its emotional lyric qualities, rich meters, and the relative simplicity of its language. Emotional romantic poetry was not something new however, as works such as Vis o Ramin by Asad Gorgani, and Yusof o Zoleikha by Amaq Bokharai exemplify. Poets such as Sanai and Attar who ostensibly have inspired Rumi, Khaqani Shirvani, Anvari, and Nizami, were highly respected ghazal writers. However, the elite of this school are Rumi, Sadi, and Hafiz Shirazi. Regarding the tradition of Persian love poetry during the Safavid era, Persian historian Ehsan Yarshater notes, As a rule, the beloved is not a woman, but a young man. In the early centuries of Islam, the raids into Central Asia produced many young slaves. Slaves were also bought or received as gifts. They were made to serve as pages at court or in the households of the affluent, or as soldiers and bodyguards. Young men, slaves or not, also, served wine at banquets and receptions, and the more gifted among them could play music and maintain a cultivated conversation. It was love toward young pages, soldiers, or novices in trades and professions which was the subject of lyrical introductions to panegyrics from the beginning of Persian poetry, and of the ghazal. The G7 Executive Talk Series 2. The CAT Company Inc. The G7 Executive Talk Series 2. Published on May 2. In depth read of topics surrounding the G7 Summit.
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